龙葵(Solanum nigrum L.)超富集镉的生理和分子机制研究进展
Advances in Physiological and Molecular Mechanisms of Cadmium Hyperaccumulation by Solanum nigrum L.
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摘要: 超富集植物在重金属污染土壤植物修复中具有重要的应用前景，已成为一种重要的生物资源。自2005年发现龙葵（Solanum nigrum L.）能超量富集镉以来，中国国内外围绕其超富集镉的机制和土壤修复应用开展了很多研究。本文从根系对镉的快速吸收、镉从根到地上部的有效转运以及较强的体内解毒功能（如植物细胞的区隔化、抗氧化、有机酸生成、渗透物质调节、光合和呼吸作用的维持以及氮代谢调节等）3个方面，详细综述了龙葵超富集镉的生理和分子机制。在总结相关研究成果的基础上，展望了该领域今后的发展趋势，建议应结合光合生化模型研究龙葵对镉的光合响应机制，并通过基因编辑技术提高修复效率和优化风险评估效果，同时加强镉胁迫下龙葵信号通路的精细调控等方面研究，以期为深入揭示龙葵超富集镉的机制提供参考。Abstract: Hyperaccumulators are important biological resources and have been widely used in the phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil, due to their green, beautiful and purificatory characteristics. Since Solanum nigrum L. has been identified as a cadmium (Cd) hyperaccumulator in 2005, a lot of studies and achievements focused on the hyperaccumulative mechanisms and applications in soil remediation. This article reviews the physiological and molecular mechanisms of Cd hyperaccumulation by S. nigrum, with an emphasis on a rapid uptake of Cd by root system, efficient root-to-shoot translocation and strong internal detoxification, including the compartment of plant cell, antioxidative system, organic acid generation, osmotic adjustment, maintenance of photosynthesis and respiration, and the adjustment of nitrogen metabolism. Based on the summary of literature results, the future perspectives in this field have also been proposed, including the photosynthetic response mechanism of S. nigrum to Cd in photosynthetic biochemical model, the enhancement of remediation efficiency and risk evaluation by gene editing technology, as well as the fine regulation of signal pathway in S. nigrum under Cd stress. This review will improve the understanding on the Cd hyperaccumulative mechanisms by S. nigrum.
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