纳米颗粒对淡水藻类生长的影响：毒性机制与复合毒性
Effects of Nanoparticles on Growth of Freshwater Algae: Toxicity Mechanism and Combined Toxicity
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摘要: 近年来，纳米颗粒在生活、工业生产中的应用日益广泛，而这些纳米颗粒的应用引起的一系列环境问题越来越被密切关注。纳米材料在使用过后不可避免地会释放到水环境中，不仅会影响水生生物的生长代谢，也会污染水体，影响水源水质。而藻类作为水生食物链的初级生产者，对于纳米颗粒在水环境中的积累和迁移起着至关重要的作用。本文首先总结了不同种类的纳米颗粒对水环境中不同藻类生长代谢的影响和相关的毒性机制，包括破坏细胞完整性、氧化应激胁迫、破坏光合系统、基因水平异常和有毒物质的释放等。其次，系统总结了纳米颗粒表面特性（如粒径、晶型、表面电荷、亲疏水性、光敏性、表面涂覆、老化和纳米颗粒的均相与非均相等）、水环境影响因素（如自然有机物质、环境胶体、离子强度、pH、硬度、光照和温度等）和藻类胞外聚合物对纳米材料毒性的影响。最后，还综述了水环境中关键污染物和纳米颗粒对藻类的复合毒性。对于纳米颗粒对水环境中藻类生长的毒性作用、影响机制以及复合毒性的系统总结，有利于全面了解纳米颗粒的环境行为和生物毒性。Abstract: Recently, as nanoparticles have been increasingly applied in producing and living activities, a series of environmental problems caused by these nanoparticles have attracted more and more attentions. Nanoparticles released into aquatic environments can not only affect the growth and metabolism of aquatic organisms, but also pollute the water. As primary producer of aquatic food chain, algae play necessary roles in the accumulation and migration of nanoparticles in aquatic environment. In this paper, the effects of different kinds of nanoparticles on the growth of different algae in water environment and relevant toxicity mechanisms (such as destruction of cell integrity, oxidative stress, destruction of photosynthetic system, abnormal gene level and release of toxic substances, etc.) were summarized at first. Secondly, the influences of surface characteristics of nanoparticles (such as particle size, crystal form, surface charge, hydrophobicity, photosensitivity, surface coating, aging and homogeneous and heterogeneous type, etc.), aquatic environmental factors (such as natural organic matters, environmental colloid, ionic strength, pH, hardness, illumination, temperature, etc.), and algae extracellular polymers on the toxicity of nanoparticles were systematically discussed. Finally, the combined toxicity of typical environmental pollutants and nanoparticles to algae were reviewed. Overall, this paper thoroughly summarized the toxicity, influence mechanism and combined toxicity of nanoparticles to algae growth, which is in favor of understanding their transport and biotoxicity in aquatic environments.
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Key words:
- nanoparticles /
- algae /
- toxicity mechanisms /
- influencing factors /
- combined toxicity
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