短链氯化石蜡对褐牙鲆胚胎发育的毒性效应
Toxic Effects of Short Chain Chlorinated Paraffins on Development of Paralichthys olivaceus Embryos
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摘要: 氯化石蜡(chlorinated paraffins, CPs)是一系列多氯正构烷烃的复杂混合物，其中短链氯化石蜡(short chain chlorinated paraffins, SCCPs)因具有持久性有机污染物(persistent organic pollutants, POPs)的诸多特性而被国内外学者广泛关注，但目前关于SCCPs毒性效应的报道仍然较少。因此本研究基于SCCPs的海洋污染现状，以褐牙鲆胚胎为实验对象，通过132 h的暴露实验探究了SCCPs的毒性效应。结果表明，SCCPs具有显著的胚胎发育毒性，能够导致胚胎-仔鱼存活率降低，且具有时间效应-剂量效应；能够导致胚胎孵化延迟，高浓度(≥1 000 μg·L-1)还会导致孵化率降低；能够引起胚胎-仔鱼发育畸形，如脊柱弯曲、心包水肿等；能够抑制仔鱼生长等。此外，SCCPs还能诱导胚-仔鱼发生氧化应激反应，实验组仔鱼的超氧化物歧化酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性及丙二醛的含量均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05)，抗氧化酶基因sod、cat的相对表达量也要高于对照组。随着SCCPs浓度增加，实验组仔鱼超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性呈下降趋势，清除活性氧自由基的能力逐渐下降，导致机体发生严重的脂质过氧化作用，10 000 μg·L-1实验组仔鱼中观察到丙二醛含量接近于对照组的3倍。研究结果揭示了SCCPs对海洋生物早期发育阶段的生态毒性，将为SCCPs的环境风险评估提供理论依据。Abstract: Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are a complex mixture of a series of polychlorinated n-alkanes. Of these, short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) received a wide interest from domestic and international scholars for their numerous properties as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), but few reports on the toxic effects of SCCPs have been published. In this study, the toxic effects of SCCPs were investigated in Paralichthys olivaceus embryos through 132 h exposure experiment, based on the current status of marine pollution. The results showed that SCCPs had significant embryonic developmental toxicity, including lower embryo-larvae survival with a time-dose effect; a delay in embryo hatching and a decrease in hatching rate at high concentrations (≥1 000 μg·L-1); developmental malformations of embryo-larvae, such as spinal curvature and pericardial edema; and inhibition of larvae growth. In addition, oxidative stress was induced in embryo-larvae by SCCPs exposure. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, catalase activity (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were significantly higher (P<0.05) and the relative expression of antioxidant enzyme genes sod and cat were also relatively higher in the experimental group of littermates than in the control group. With the increasing concentration of SCCPs, the SOD and CAT activities of the experimental group were on a decreasing trend, indicating a gradual decrease in the ability to scavenge reactive oxygen radicals. This led to severe lipid peroxidation in the organism, and the MDA content observed in the 10 000 μg·L-1 experimental group of littermates was close to three times that of the control group. The results reveal the ecotoxicity induced by SCCPs on the early developmental stages of marine organisms, which will provide a theoretical basis for the environmental risk assessment of SCCPs.
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